Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA growth. Examples of antimetabolites include 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, methotrexate, gemcitabine, cytarabine (ara-C) and fludarabine. Antimetabolites are used to treat chronic leukemia as well as tumors of the breast, ovary and the gastrointestinal tract.
Alkylating agents
Alkylating agents work directly on a person's DNA to prevent cancer cells from reproducing. Examples of alkylating agents include busulfan, cisplatin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, dacarbazine (DTIC), mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) and melphalan. These drugs are used to treat chronic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma (also known as Hodgkin’s disease), multiple myeloma and certain cancers of the lung, breast and ovary.
Mitotic inhibitors
Mitotic inhibitors are plant alkaloids and other compounds derived from natural products. They can inhibit or stop enzymes from making proteins needed for reproduction of the cancer cells. Examples of mitotic inhibitors include paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide (VP-16), vinblastine, vincristine and vinorelbine.
Antitumor antibiotics
Antitumor antibiotics interfere with the growth of cancer cells at the DNA level. They work by stopping enzymes and cell division or by altering the membranes that surround cells. Examples of antitumor antibiotics include dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), idarubicin and mitoxantrone. These are not the same as antibiotics used to treat infections. Since these agents work in all phases of the cell cycle, they are widely used for a variety of cancers.
Nitrosoureas
Nitrosoureas cross the blood-brain barrier and interfere with enzymes that help repair DNA. Since these agents are able to travel to the brain, they are used to treat brain tumors as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma and malignant melanoma. Examples of nitrosoureas include carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU).